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Orthopedics and Beyond:

Highlights from the H. Winnett Orr Collection

The Works of William Shakespeare

The health humanities field has developed in the last several decades. Scholars recognize that the study of humanities subjects such as art, literature and history offer health science professionals skills important for their practices, such as listening and observation skills, acceptance of ambiguity and empathy. The field of health humanities did not exist during Dr. Orr’s time; however, it seems by his book collecting, that he still understood the power of the humanities for the health sciences professional. Dr. Orr’s collection includes works by poets, and novels and includes books about art.

Explore more about Shakespeare’s contributions to health care knowledge in the National Library of Medicine traveling exhibit, And there’s the humor of it: Shakespeare and the Four Humors, on display on Level 6 of the library (February 3 to March 15, 2025).

The great cryptogram:

Francis Bacon’s cipher in the so-called Shakespeare plays

Ignatius Donnelly
Orr no. 2178
1888

Some scholars believe the plays of William Shakespeare were written by philosopher, scientist and statesman, Francis Bacon. Proponents point out similarities between Bacon's and Shakespeare’s writing styles, and the level of scientific knowledge portrayed in the plays that only Bacon could have possessed. Some supporters theorize that Bacon did not want to hinder his political career by being a playwright. Others believe Bacon and others, such as Sir Walter Raleigh, used the plays to hide anti-monarchical ideas. Some theories hinge on hidden ciphers in the text. Ignatius Donnelly, American congressman, science fiction author, and lost city of Atlantis theorist, allegedly collected proof of the hidden messages, revealing them in his book The great cryptogram. Nineteenth-century theorists believed the cipher revealed that Francis Bacon was the son of Queen Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, making Bacon the true heir to the throne of England. Others believed Bacon was a member of the Rosicrucian order, a secret society of occult philosophers, and that he hid Rosicrucian secrets in the plays’ text.

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The medical and surgical knowledge of William Shakespeare

John W. Wainwright
Orr No. 2235
1915

Shakespeare’s plays are full of references to medical and surgical themes. Found in Shakespeare’s plays are descriptions of: 

  • midwifery/pregnancy in Romeo and Juliet and Titus Andronicus
  • mental disorders in Hamlet and King Lear
  • descriptions of or references to disease and conditions:
    • Syphilis in King Henry IV, King Henry VI and As you like it
    • Epilepsy in Macbeth, Othello and Julius Caesar
    • Anemia in Midsummer night’s dream
    • Black Death/Plague in Love’s labour’s lost and Romeo and Juliet
    • Leprosy in King Henry VI and Timon of Athens
    • Ague in King John and Merchant of Venice
    • Malaria in King Henry IV and King Henry V
    • Gout in King Henry IV and Cymbeline
    • Rheumatism and arthritis in A midsummer night’s dream, Hamlet and The Tempest
    • Herpes in Romeo and Juliet
    • Migraine in Romeo and Juliet
  • drugs and herbal remedies in Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Antony and Cleopatra
  • bloodletting in King Richard II and Hamlet
  • purgatives in Macbeth
  • enema in Othello

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portrait file Drake01
Shakespeare and his times, 1817

Portrait of William Shakespeare

Shakespeare and his times:

including the biography of the poet; criticism on his genius and writings; a new chronology of his plays; a disquisition on the object of his sonnets; and a history of the manners, customs, amusement, superstitions, poetry, and elegant literature of his age

Nathan Drake
Orr No. 1962
1817
2 volumes

William Shakespeare was born in Strafford-upon-Avon, England, (possibly ) on April 23, 1564. His father, John, was a leatherworker specializing in fine leather goods like gloves. He also served the community as an alderman and town bailiff. In 1582, William married Anne Hathaway and they had their first child, Susanna. In 1585, they had twins Judith and Hamnet. William’s son Hamnet died at the age of 11. Shakespeare disappeared from the record until 1592, when he was in London working as an actor and playwright. He became a business partner in the acting company The Lord Chamberlain’s Men (renamed the King’s Men in 1603). In 1598, he performed his plays for Queen Elizabeth I. The Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599. Shakespeare owned a 12.5% stake in the theatre, which increased his wealth. He died of unknown causes on April 23, 1616. Scholars still debate his birthdate for this reason, but it provides a poetic symmetry worthy of the world-famous playwright.

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The complete works of William Shakespeare

W. G. Clark and W. Aldis Wright, editors
Orr No. 2234
1888

William Shakespeare has had an immense influence on theatre, poetry, novelists and filmmakers, but he also changed the English language. Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer in the English-speaking world. He contributed to the standardization of the English language through rules and grammar. In his writings, Shakespeare also borrowed from other languages. He changed verbs into adjectives and nouns and vice versa. He also contributed to the vocabulary of the English language. He popularized words common in English today, such as:

  • Eyeball
  • Gloomy
  • Lonely
  • Fashionable
  • Moonbeam
  • Swagger

Shakespeare also popularized original phrases we still use today, such as:

  • “A sorry sight”
  • “Strange bedfellows”
  • “Full circle”
  • “Seen better days”
  • “Breaking the ice”
  • “Heart of gold”

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